By Linda Soko Tembo
Irene Khan, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, has concluded her official visit to Zambia, which took place from January 20 to 31, 2025.
In a statement at the end of her visit, Khan observed that “human rights are at a crossroads in Zambia as the country prepares for the 2026 general elections amidst major economic challenges and rising political tensions.”
Speaking at a media briefing, she acknowledged positive developments since the United Party for National Development (UPND) came to power in 2021, including the adoption of the Access to Information Act.
“It is now crucial that this law is fully implemented, including through the full operationalisation of the Human Rights Commission as the access-to-information agency,” she stated.
Khan also welcomed the decriminalisation of presidential defamation but cautioned that other legal provisions continue to restrict free expression.
“Laws on criminal libel, seditious practices, insult, hate speech, and cyber crimes are being used to prosecute, punish, and silence critical voices. These must be repealed or revised,” she said.
She emphasised that legal reforms must be accompanied by clear policies to ensure law enforcement agencies apply the laws “fairly and without discrimination.”
Khan further expressed concern over the slow pace of reforms and growing fears that oppressive tools and tactics used by the previous regime are being revived to suppress criticism.
The Special Rapporteur also criticised the continued use of the Public Order Act by police to “restrict and disrupt public gatherings.” She urged the government to expedite its repeal and replacement to protect citizens’ rights to assembly and free expression.
Additionally, Khan raised alarm over the manipulation of online information by political actors.
“I am disturbed by the rising tide of disinformation and smear campaigns, including from the opposition, aimed at manipulating public opinion, heightening tensions, and creating confusion,” she said.
She called on politicians to exercise responsibility in their speech.
“While political speech enjoys strong protection as a human right, politicians have a special responsibility to inform, not mislead, the public and to refrain from advocacy that incites violence, hostility, or discrimination, which is strictly prohibited under international law,” Khan stressed.
She also urged legal reforms to strengthen the independence of key institutions, including the judiciary, the Independent Broadcasting Authority, the Electoral Commission, and the Human Rights Commission.
“Respect for freedom of opinion and expression is vital for Zambia’s development and democracy,” she concluded.
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